英语被动语态课程 - TOEIC®备考

被动语态是英语语法中的基础结构。它用于强调动作本身,而非动作的执行者 -- 即强调事情被做了什么而不是谁或什么做了这件事。例如:
- 主动语态:The chef cooks the meal.
→ 主语 "the chef",也叫做施动者,是执行烹饪动作的人。 - 被动语态:The meal is cooked (by the chef).
→ 重点在于**“the meal”**,它是动作的承受者:厨师变成了次要位置。
如何构成被动语态?
以下是被动语态的基本结构:
为了更好地理解,下面用一个例子说明如何将主动句变为被动句:
- 主动句:The chef cooks the meal.
步骤 1:识别主动句的关键成分
- 主语:The chef
→ 执行动作的人。 - 动词:cooks
→ 执行的动作,这里用的是现在简单时态。 - 宾语:the meal
→ 动作的承受者。
步骤 2:主语与宾语位置互换
在被动句中,主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语。
- 主动宾语 → 被动主语:The meal
主动主语(the chef)变为可选信息,如有需要可用**“by”**引出。
- 主动主语 → 用“by”的补语:by the chef
步骤 3:助动词“be”按时态变化
助动词**“be”**要根据主动句的动词时态为新主语进行时态变化。
在此例中,主动动词 cooks 是现在简单时态,因此用现在简单时态的“be”(is)表示新主语(The meal):
- The meal is
步骤 4:添加主动动词的过去分词
主动句的动词“cooks”需变为过去分词(cooked)。
- is cooked
步骤 5:完成被动句
将所有部分组合:
- 被动句:The meal is cooked by the chef.
2. 何时使用被动语态?
强调动作的承受者或受影响的人/物
当需要强调动作的承受者或事件的对象,而不是执行者时,使用被动语态。这种结构可以将注意力集中在动作的对象上。
- The new law was approved yesterday (by ...)
(新法律昨天被批准。) - The injured man was taken to the hospital (by ...)
(受伤男子被送往医院。)
施动者(by someone)通常省略,因为重点在被动主语上。
执行者不重要或未知时
当不清楚或没有必要说明是谁执行了动作时,也常用被动语态。这在需要简化句子、执行者未知或无关紧要时尤为有用。
- My wallet was stolen (by ...)
(我的钱包被偷了。) - The book was published in 2001.
(这本书出版于2001年。)
描述过程或系统
在技术、科学、教育及烹饪说明等领域,用被动语态可以阐述过程或系统,而无需提及具体施动者。
- The data is analyzed using advanced algorithms.
(数据通过高级算法进行分析。) - Water is heated until it reaches boiling point.
(水被加热至沸腾点。)
present perfect passive(现在完成时被动语态)特别适合描述最近发生的变化。它能强调变化本身,而不必说明责任人。
- The city has changed dramatically over the years. Many historic buildings have been restored, new parks have been created, and several old neighborhoods have been transformed into modern residential areas.
使语言更正式
在正式场合如报告、学术论文、官方文件中,被动语态使用频率较高,使文本更客观、专业。
- A new policy has been implemented to address the issue.
(为解决问题已实施新政策。) - The results will be announced next week.
(结果将于下周公布。)
避免重复
被动语态常用于包含多项动作的句子,可避免重复说明施动者。这使得句子更流畅自然,尤其在长句中。
在文章、标题、新闻报道等中,常采用被动语态的简化形式。为节省字数,尤其在标题中,被动辅助动词“be”常被省略。
- House damaged by fire. VS The house was damaged by fire.
(房屋被火灾损坏。)- Police officer shot in robbery attempt. VS The police officer was shot in robbery attempt.
(警察在抢劫中被枪击。)
3. 被动语态的时态变化
被动语态的构成因主动句时态而异。 下表展示了不同时态下主动句变被动句的方式,均以如下例句为例:
- The chef cooks the meal
(厨师烹饪这道菜)。
时态 | 主动语态 | 被动语态 |
---|---|---|
现在简单时态 | The chef cooks the meal. | The meal is cooked. |
现在进行时 | The chef is cooking the meal. | The meal is being cooked. |
过去简单时态 | The chef cooked the meal. | The meal was cooked. |
过去进行时 | The chef was cooking the meal. | The meal was being cooked. |
现在完成时 | The chef has cooked the meal. | The meal has been cooked. |
过去完成时 | The chef had cooked the meal. | The meal had been cooked. |
一般将来时will | The chef will cook the meal. | The meal will be cooked. |
一般将来时going to | The chef is going to cook the meal. | The meal is going to be cooked. |
将来完成时 | The chef will have cooked the meal. | The meal will have been cooked. |
含情态动词的被动语态
对含有情态动词的句子进行被动结构时,遵循如下结构:
- 主动语态:They must finish the report.
- 被动语态:The report must be finished.
“get”辅助动词的特殊用法
在某些非正式或口语场合,可以用**“get”代替“be”构成被动语态,常用于描述意外事件或状态变化**。
- He got promoted last week.
(他上周被提拔了。) - The window got broken during the storm.
(窗户在暴风雨中被打碎了。)
但是需注意以下几点:
- “get”不建议用于正式或学术写作。在这些场合推荐使用**“be”**。
- 用**“get”时,语气更具个人感或意外性**。
- He got fired(他被炒了)→ 更具情感或突然性
- He was fired → 更中性。
- “get”不能用于所有时态,极少见于过去完成时或将来时。
4. 被动语态中可替代“by”的常见介词
在被动语态中,执行动作的施动者通常用介词“by”引出。
- The book was written by the author.
但根据句意或语境,有些介词可代替“by”,用于说明主语与动作之间的具体关系。
以下为可以替代“by”的常用介词表:
介词 | 用法 | 被动语态例句 |
---|---|---|
By | 表示执行者或动作的发起者。 | The book was written by the author. |
With | 表示工具、手段或材料。 | The room was filled with smoke. |
About | 表示主题或议题。 | Much has been said about this topic. |
To | 表示接收者或受益者。 | The letter was addressed to her. |
For | 表示目的、原因或意图。 | The cake was made for the children. |
Of | 表示构成或归属。 | The team is composed of experts. |
In | 表示状态或发生地点。 | The room was left in complete silence. |
At | 表示目标或动作发生的地点。 | The meeting was held at the |
Over | 表示覆盖或涉及范围。 | The area was covered over with snow. |
From | 表示来源或分离。 | The funds were stolen from the account. |
On | 表示表面或参照点。 | The message was written on the wall. |
Into | 表示动作进入某空间。 | The money was put into the bank account. |
Out of | 表示动作离开某空间。 | The documents were taken out of the box. |
结论
英语被动语态能够调整句子结构,突出动作本身或其承受者。按照精确语法规则,这种结构特别适用于描述行为、解释流程以及清晰传达信息。